Learn the French Conjugations for Rougir (to Blush)

A very fun verb, the French  rougir  means to blush or to turn red. Its used most often when youre describing someones embarrassment and in order to say he blushed or she is blushing, you will need a conjugation of the verb. That is the subject of this French lesson. The Basic Conjugations of  Rougir Rougir is a regular -ir verb and it follows a very common conjugation pattern used in the French language. This category includes many verbs, such as reunir (to reunite) and remplir  (to fill). If you have studied a few of these, you can apply the endings you already know to this conjugation. The indicative mood is the best place to begin. Here you will find the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses which you will use most often in conversation. As with all French conjugations, you need to memorize a new form of the verb for every subject pronoun within each tense. Beginning with the verb stem (roug-), use the chart to study which ending is required for each circumstance. As an example, I am blushing is  je rougis  and we turned red is  nous rougissions. Present Future Imperfect je rougis rougirai rougissais tu rougis rougiras rougissais il rougit rougira rougissait nous rougissons rougirons rougissions vous rougissez rougirez rougissiez ils rougissent rougiront rougissaient The Present Participle of  Rougir Conjugating a regular -ir verb into its present participle is as simple as adding -issant to the stem. For rougir, that produces the word rougissant. Rougir  in the Compound Past Tense In French, you may use either the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  to express the past tense blushed. To form the latter, begin with the appropriate present tense conjugate of the auxiliary verb  avoir,  then add the  past participle  rougi. This results in phrases such as  jai rougi  (I blushed) and  nous avons rougi  (we blushed). More Simple Conjugations of  Rougir At times, you may not know if someone is really going to blush or not and thats when the subjunctive  is used. In another circumstance, someone may not blush unless something else happens (they receive a compliment, for instance). Thats when you can use  the conditional. Found almost exclusively in French literature, you may not need  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  often. However, they are good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je rougisse rougirais rougis rougisse tu rougisses rougirais rougis rougisses il rougisse rougirait rougit rougt nous rougissions rougirions rougmes rougissions vous rougissiez rougiriez rougtes rougissiez ils rougissent rougiraient rougirent rougissent The French imperative  may not be as useful for a verb like  rougir  as it is for other actions, but you may find times to use it. Just keep in mind that this is the one instance when its okay to drop the subject pronoun. That means  tu rougis  becomes  rougis. Imperative (tu) rougis (nous) rougissons (vous) rougissez

Psychological Disorders A Psychological Disorder

A psychological disorder is a pattern of abnormal behavior that is associated with states of significant emotional distress, such as anxiety or depression, or with impaired behavior or ability to function, such as difficulty holding a job or even distinguishing reality form fantasy. (Abnormal Psychology; 3) There are people that become embarrassed by their psychological disorder or abnormal behavior and refuse to receive help because they are afraid of what society and even their family may think of them. Therefore, they do not seek the professional help that they need to be diagnosed properly for the disorder or to be treated properly for the psychological disorder that they may or may not have. A psychological disorder can also be bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of gorging on large quantities of food, followed by use of inappropriate ways to prevent weight gain. (Abnormal Psychology; 338) People that are bulimic tend to go into a depressive stage because they have a greater fear of becoming over weight than any other person does. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) diagnosis of bulimia nervosa requires that binge-eating episodes and the accompanying compensatory behaviors occur at an average frequency of at least once a week for three months. (Abnormal Psychology; 338) Bulimia nervosa is psychological and life-threatening but both men and women will proceed in bingeing and purging toShow MoreRelatedPsychological Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1632 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological disorders are often a taboo subject in our society. Many find themselves to be the subject of ridicule and/or a social pariah from their peers at the simple hint of a mental disorder. This stems largely from simple ignorance to the cause and actual effects of the problems. 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Renee Foster Herrmann Analyzing Psycholgical Disorders Page 1 I’m glad that I don’t live in the 1800’s. Did you know that back in the 1800’s when doctors were just beginning to understand psychological disorders, that if you were thought to suffer from a psychological disorder you could have holes drilled into your head or you could be put on any number of experimental drugs that could in fact make the conditionRead MorePsychological Disorders3110 Words   |  13 PagesPsychological disorder Introduction Psychological disorders are mental disorders that affects ones pattern of behavior that deviates them from the social conventional norms. Ones behavior is expressed to wield a lot of distress that is not considered as the normal development of a persons culture. Psychological disorders are seen by the way an individual feels, acts, thinks or perceives the environment around them, most especially ones social an emotional stability. 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The medical model approach assumes that a psychological disorder is a mental illness and comes with physical causes that can be diagnosed, sometimes treated, and sometimes cured through therapy or possibly throughRead MoreMental Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1178 Words   |  5 PagesA psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. These symptoms are characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual s cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with

Zoology Chordata Vertebrates Free Essays

string(59) " a positive lung pressure for breathing \(Heckman, 2007\)\." Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)Order: OrectolobiformesFamily: RhincodontidaeGenus: RhincodonSpecies: Rhincodon typus| Integumentary system Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) has the toughest and thickest skin of all the animals in the world. It reaches up to 14 cm of thick; whale shark is pale on the underside and dark gray-brown color with white spots on the top. This can serve as a camouflage looking up or down the sea for shark’s preys (SRI, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Zoology Chordata Vertebrates or any similar topic only for you Order Now As all the other Chondrichtyes, Whale Shark skin is covered with little cartilaginous tooth-like structures, this are dermal placoid scales arranged to reduce the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface during swimming (Hickman, 2006). Whale shark maintains internal salt concentrations lower than seawater by pumping salt out through rectal glands and kidneys. Sharks retain urea dissolved in their body fluids. They also produce Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) use to protect their proteins from denaturation by urea waste products. Retention of this organic solutes in their body fluids makes their osmolality slightly hypertonic to sea water (Hickman, 2008) Whale Sharks are ectothermic; this means that their body temperature is similar to the surroundings. They may regulate their body temperature by behavioral mechanism such as spending time in warmer surface water (Thumbs, 2012). Musculo-Skeletal System As mentioned, Whale Shark is an elasmobranch; the skeleton of this animal is made out of cartilage instead of bone. This along with the big liver filled with oil helps the shark to float easier an spend less energy on its movement (SRI, 2008). They also posses an pelvic fins supported by appendicular skeletons, dorsal fins, a medial caudal fin and a median anal fin. The heterocercal tail in sharks shows that the upturned tail axis tends to produce a thrust directed downwards behind the center of balance of the fish and thus gives a moment turning the head upwards. This is countered in two ways—by the rotation of the tail along its longitudinal axis during each lateral beat, and through the action of the ventral hypochordal lobe. The shape of the tail and the mode of action of the tail in all sharks so far considered reflects a balance between these three factors, in all of them the net effect being the production of a forward thrust from the tail that passes directly through the center of balance of the fish (Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan, 2012). Respiration System Whale Shark possesses 5 pair of gill slits located on the side of their heads (SRI, 2008). Water must continually flow across the gill slits in order for the shark to breath; They do not have gill covers like bony fishes do, so whale shark need to continually swim for constant flow. When water passes over the gill, a system of very fine blood vessels takes up the oxygen from the water. Digestive System Whale Shark is a filter feeder. As it swims with its mouth open, masses of water filled with prey enter to its mouth consisted of 5 large gill arches. After closing its mouth, shark uses specialized organs called gill rakers to filter the nourishment from the water. Basically anything that does not pass trough the gills is eaten. (SRI, 2008). Preys may include plankton, krill, small fish and even squid. This shark can process over 6000 liters of water each our. Urinary System Urea and trimethylamine (TMAO) in their blood and tissues help to maintain their osmotic balance. They are without the usual urinary tract, so they concentrate urea in their blood and excrete it through their skin (Hickman, 2006). Reproductive System According to the Shark research institute, Reproduction behavior is uncertain. In their article â€Å"Whale Shark FAQ† they state; â€Å"Only one pregnant female shark has ever been exanimated by scientist Dr. Jennifer V. Schmidt, Director of SRI genetics Program† (12). The only pregnant female caught ontained in her tween uterus 307 embryo’s measuring between 42 and 63 cm in length, 15 where fully- developed and ready to born. Having this information whale sharks where found to fall into the classification of ovoviviparous. This information also suggests that Whale Sharks could be one of the most productive live bearing shark species. But it remains unknown why their population is small. Sexual maturi ty in whale sharks may occur until they reach about 9 meters long which is about 30 years old. Whale sharks live for about 70 to 800 years. (SRI, 2009) Bullfrog (Rana castabeiana) Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordate Class: Amphibians Order: Salientia Family: Ranidae Genus: Rana Species: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog) Integumentary system Frog skin is thin and loosely attached to some of the muscles in the body. It is composed the skin is known to be permeable, which means that let the water pass in and out through the skin membrane. Bullfrog’s skin is periodically shed as other frogs and toads do. The epidermis of the Bullfrog contains two types of glands: mucous glands, which help to protect the frog from dehydration and a large serous of glands that produce watery, poison material (Hickman, 2006). Musculo-skeletal system As many other amphibians bullfrogs live mainly in fresh water, but they can also migrate to other pounds lakes or reservoirs specially when is rainy or hummed. Bullfrogs have a well-developed endoskeleton made out principle of bone and some cartilage; this provides support for muscular movements (Hickman 2006). Bullfrog tent to develop strong and big muscles used for locomotion outside or inside the water. Bullfrogs as most of the other frogs and toads, are faced with an unusual locomotory challenge. They have to swim and jump using primary the hind limbs. The foot possess five rays and hand posses fore rays. Hind limbs and fore limbs posses a web-like structure to help frog locomotion also in water (Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al, 2007). Respiratory system Bullfrogs as many other amphibians use three respiratory surfaces for gas exchange: skin, mouth, and lungs. In bullfrogs lungs are present in adults (Hickman, 2006). On land Bullfrogs breath with their mouths closed. Bullfrogs present a positive lung pressure for breathing (Heckman, 2007). You read "Zoology Chordata Vertebrates" in category "Essay examples" Their throat movements pull air through the nostrils to the lungs. Then breathe out with body contractions. Bullfrogs can also respire under the water through the skin using a process called cutaneous gas exchange. They use their skin for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan, 1987) Digestive system Bullfrogs are voracious eaters, and will eat just about any animal they can swallow. These include: insects, crayfish, worms, minnows, other frogs (even Bullfrogs), small turtles, snakes, baby birds, and small mammals. They are most active at night. The frog digestive system, like most other digestive systems, starts in the mouth. Prey, which is sometimes caught by the frog’s sticky tongue, is diced by tooth-like structures in the mouth. The food then moves down through the esophagus, into the stomach, where, much like in the shark, the food is softened, broken down somewhat, and stored. From the stomach, food moves into the small intestine, where the most of the chemical digestion (i. e. the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, the liver secretes bile, etc. ) and nutrient absorption take place. One special attribute of the frog small intestine is that it has villi, small projections that greatly ncrease the surface area of the small intestine, allowing more nutrient absorption. Urinary system The urinary system of Bullfrogs as most of the frogs is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e. g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. Reproductive system Bullfrog’s are known to be oviparous and breeding occurs in permanent bodies of water that typically contain thick grows of algae and rooted aquatic plants. Breeding pools usually are rich in aquatic animal life and have a soft mud bottom (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). They initiate amplexus by making physical contact with an adult male. Amplexus and oviposition generally last from 15 min to 2. 5 hours and occur about midnight. Bullfrogs have found to mate and lay eggs in areas outside the sites defended by calling males. (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines (turtles and tortoises)? Family: Cheloniidae (true sea turtles)? Genus: Chelonia? Species: Chelonia mydas Integumentary System Green sea turtles, as all the turtle’s species have evolved a bony outer shell, which protects them from predators. This shell covers both dorsal and ventral surfaces and it is consider the most highly developed protective armor of any vertebrate species to have ever lived. (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The dorsal portion of the shell is known as carapace and it is covered with a large scale-like structures called scutes. The ventral portion of the shell is known as the plastron. This two structures are connected by hard shelled plates called lateral bridges. A difference of land turtles and tortoises, sea turtles are not able to retract their heads into their shells, and they heads remain out at all times (Green sea turtles, 2001) Green Sea turtles are ectothermic animals, which means that they regulate their internal temperature from their environment, this also explains why this turtles live in warm temperatures. Chelonia mydas maintain homeostasis using a specialized gland called salt gland; it helps them controlling their internal environment and it is located just behind each eye. Using this gland they excrete the excess of salt levels in blood in forms of â€Å"tears†. â€Å"Green Sea Turtles,† 2001). Musculo-skeletal system The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages. Typically, it is divided into 3 main parts: the skull, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton in sea turtles, each of these bony groups is a composite of several structures. The skull includes the braincase, jaws, and hyoid apparatus the axial sk eleton is composed of the carapace, vertebrae, and ribs and the derivatives of the ribs. The plastron is a composite including derivatives of the axial and appendicular skeleton (ventral ribs plus shoulder elements). The appendicular skeleton includes the flippers, hind limbs, and their supporting structures (the pectoral and pelvic girdles). (Wyneken, 2001. ) Sea turtles are interesting because they have very highly evolved flippers to help them propel through the water. In addition to being able to propel themselves through the water, the sea turtles use their flippers to climb up steep, rocky shores and can use their flippers to evade all sorts of different predators of the sea turtles. While sea turtles all have the same basic anatomy, there are some things that set some species of sea urtles apart from other sea turtles. For example, Green sea turtles have prefrontal scales on the head, a differing number of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes that appear on the pastron. (Wtbeken, 2001. ) Respiratory system The sea turtle requires a respiratory system that is able to support it through diverse depths and distances. Due to sea turtles’s excessive breath-hold, t he respiratory system must be able to compensate for time elapsed without exhalation. When exhalation does occur, it is brief. The main component that bears the respiratory weight is essentially the lung. The lung, â€Å"functions as the major oxygen store and can supply sufficient oxygen for most routine dives (up to 20 mins) to be aerobic† (Lutz, 1985). Moreover, the lung almost carries the complete load of respiration in the sea turtle. â€Å"The respiratory properties of sea turtle blood are particularly well suited to lung-tissue transport during routine brethhold periods, surviving prolonged dives of at least three hours by having a high anaerobic capacity† (Lutz, 1985). A difference of the amphibians, turtles posses a negative lung preassure. Digestive system Green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, get their name from the color of their body fat, which is green from the algae or limu they eat. Adult green sea turtles are herbivores, meaning that they eat only plants, and therefore do not pose a threat to any other marine animals. Juvenile green sea turtles on the other hand are carnivorous. Their diet consists of jellyfish and other invertebrates (Green sea turtles, 2001). Although the carapaces of green sea turtles are mostly dark brown in color, they can be covered with patches of algae on which fishes in turn feed (Green sea turtles, 2001). This particular relationship of the fish eating algae off the turtle’s shell would be considered a form of mutualism. Urinary System The excretory system of the turtle is responsible for removing harmful wastes from the turtle’s body and blood. The kidney of the turtle performs the blood filtering process and the wastes are then sent to the bladder as urine. In sea turtles the kidneys are also aided by the salt gland to get rid of the excess salt in the sea water (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The bladder is the storage place of the urine. From the bladder the urine goes to the cloaca, which is where urine leaves the body. The cloaca is also used to take in oxygen and other nutrients in sea turtles when they reach critical levels. Reproductive System Although green sea turtles live most of their lives in the ocean, adult females must return to land in order to lay their eggs. Biologists believe that nesting female turtles return to the same beach where they were born. Hawaii’s green sea turtles migrate as far as 800 miles from their feeding areas along the coasts of the main Hawaiian islands to their nesting beaches in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). Males accompany the females during the migration, which usually occurs in the late spring, and mate with them off the shores of the nesting beaches. Females do not mate every year, but when they do, they come ashore often- as many as five times every 15 days to make nests in the sand and lay eggs. Green sea turtles nest only at night. The female must pull herself out of the water and all the way to the dry sand of the upper beach using only her front flippers. This is a difficult task as her front limbs have been modified into highly effective swimming flippers, and do not support the bulk of her weight in the sand. After placing the eggs female basically has completed her parenting job, then she returns to the sea leaving her young’s to fend for them-selves. Unfortunately, not all of the hatchlings reach the ocean. Many are snatched up by hungry crabs and other predators along the way or become lost and die. In addition, some are eaten by sharks and other carnivorous fishes while at sea. Only a few baby turtles from each nest will survive into adulthood. Jaguar (Panthera Onca) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata SubPhylum: Vertebrata Class: Mamalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Species: Panthera onca Integumentary system Mammal’s bodies are covered by hairs, tegumentary features that contribute to the regulation of body temperature. In the skin there are a quantity of sweat glands and sebaceous or oil glands that help to keep the skin in good health by lubricating it and eliminating toxic byproducts through the sweat. In addition to this elimination function, the sweat contributes to thermo-regulation, cooling the surface through evaporation. In addition to hairs, the skin grows other structures, such as nails, claws or hooves as well as the horns and callous foot pads of certain mammals. Heterodontia is characteristic of mammals, that is to say that they have teeth of different structure, as opposed to homodontia, in which all the teeth are alike. Musculo-skeletal system The Jaguar is a large and muscular animal that has a heavier and sturdier body than that of a Leopard. They have a large, broad head with jaws so strong that they are said to have the most powerful bite of all the world’s Cats. Jaguar, 2008). They are also fast runners, but they get tired quickly. They can also climb very well and are good swimmers. (Felines, 2002) The jaguar’s skeleton is not so different from the human skeleton. Jaguars have more bones and many are identical to those in the human being. They have have 13 ribs; humans have 12. They also do have clavicles but unlike humans, they are not attached to other bones. The outside of a bone, the cortex, is composed of minerals and protein and gives the bone its rigidity. Inside the bone is the marrow cavity that produces red blood cells. Jaguar’s muscles are tough and well-coordinated and help to make the animal an agile hunter. Basically, jaguar’s muscles are designed for walking, running, leaping, and twisting. Their muscular control and skeletal flexibility enable it to right its body during a fall with incredible speed—a trick that is unique to the family felidae. Respiratory System The respiratory system functions primarily to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and carry it out of the body into the air. Oxygen is vital to the body’s maintenance. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the maintenance process. Jaguar breathes in air through its nose and mouth. The nose and mouth join to form the pharynx. The trachea is a tube that extends from the pharynx to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing occurs to prevent food and water from entering the lungs. At the lungs the trachea branches into smaller tubes called bronchi or bronchial tubes. The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become dead end sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur. Digestive system The jaguar is a carnivore. It hunts mostly at night. Its prey includes capybara, peccaries, deer, large ground birds, fish, snakes, turtles and rabbits. It will also eat livestock like horses, cows and sheep. The jaguar hunts mostly on the ground, but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above. The jaguar has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull. ( Jaguar, 2008) Jaguar’s digestive system is comprised of the alimentary canal and accessory glands. The alimentary canal consists of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory glands are the liver, pancreas, and the salivary glands. All the organs work to process the food a cat eats. The intestines work to extract and absorb the nutrients and eliminate the wastes. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Urinary System The important organs of the cat’s urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located on either side of the body in the lumbar region (between ribs and pelvis). Blood is filtered through the kidneys and the liquid waste product is called urine. Urine is passed through the ureters to the bladder where it is stored. The urine is then discharged through the urethra, a tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Reproductive system Despite the fact that most Jaguar cubs are generally born between the months of December and March, it is not uncommon for them to be born at other times of the year. During the mating season, the female Jaguar will use loud vocal calls to attract a male into her territory. Female Jaguars typically give birth to two or three cubs. Once their cubs are born however, the female Jaguar will not tolerate the male in her territory as she becomes very protective of her young at this stage. Jaguar cubs are born blind and gain their sight after about two weeks. They are weaned by their mother when they are around 3 months old, although the cubs will rely on their mother to hunt and provide for them until they are about 6 months old. At 6 months, the Jaguar cubs will then start to accompany the female jaguar on hunts but will not venture out on their own until they are one or two years old and have established a territory for themselves. Jaguar, 2008) Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) Kingdon: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Psittaciformes Family: Pisttacinae Genus: Ara Lacepede, 1799 Species: Ara macao Subspecies: Ara macao cyanopterus Integumentary system Scarlet macaws are brightly colored birds with feathers ranging in color bands from scarlet on their head and shoulders, to yellow on their back and m id wing feathers and blue on the wing tips and tail feathers. The face has short white feathers. This area surrounds the light yellow colored eyes. The long, thick beak is light on the top and dark black on the bottom. The legs and feet are also black (David, 2003) Birds are endothermal, or warm-blooded. That means they have an internal furnace, fueled by food, that generates heat and allows them to keep their bodies at a constant temperature, even though the temperature of their environment changes. Birds are also able to regulate their body temperature by conserving or losing heat through a variety of ways -— feathers help retain heat, while panting helps get rid of heat. (Bird Life, 2008) Musculo-skeletal system Macaws are the largest parrots in the world — the body of the scarlet macaw from beak to tail can be as long as 33 inches. This beautiful macaw has a creamy white, almost featherless face, with bright red plumage covering most of its body, wings and long tail. Brilliant blue and yellow feathers also adorn the lower wings. The bird’s strong beak is adapted to breaking hard nuts found in the rainforest. (David, 2003) Respiratory system The high metabolism and athletic life-style of birds require a great deal of oxygen. Four organs work together to carry oxygen to the cells: nostrils, trachea, lungs, and air sacs. With each breath, air moves through the nostrils, down the trachea and into the lungs and air sacs. From the lungs, xygen passes into the bloodstream and then to the body cells. The air that passes into the air sacs cools the internal organs and helps maintain body temperature. Nearly all of the air in the lungs is replaced with each breath. When flying, birds require ten to twenty times more oxygen than at rest. To supply the extra oxygen, birds increase their breathing rates. (Bird Life, 2008) Digestive system Wild Scarlet Macaws mostly eat fruits and seeds, including large, hard seeds. Like other parrots, they are seed predators, they destroy the seeds that they eat and do not disperse them. Some macaws are sometimes seen eating clay from river banks. Bird Life, 2008 Since birds have no teeth, the digestive system must grind up food so that the energy stored in it can be used. A hollow digestive tube extends from the mouth through the entire length of the body to an external opening called the cloaca. The tube is divided into the throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Urinary system The urinary system of birds is different from mammals, as birds produce both urine and urates. The kidneys possess two different types of nephrons, the units that filter the blood to remove toxins and products of metabolism. Birds cannot concentrate their urine as well as mammals can. Birds also are uricotelic, meaning that they excrete the end product of nitrogen metabolism as uric acid, which is made in the liver and they excreted from the blood. Uric acid is the creamy white portion of the dropping. Urine is the clear portion. The feces constitute the third portion of a dropping, and this consists of the solid portion, usually brown or green, depending on what the bird has been eating. A bird is able to urinate independently of defecating, or passing feces, but most of the time, the bird will pass urine, urates and feces at the same time. Bird Life 2008) Reproductive system Like most parrots, the female Scarlet Macaw lays 2 to 4 white eggs in a tree cavity. The young hatch after 24 to 25 days. They fledge about 105 days later and leave their parents a year later. (bird life, 2008) The scarlet macaw protects its baby by staying in the nest with the baby or babies and being aware of any type of danger. It pinches predators with its beak and screams noises for help when a predator wants to eat the baby and/ or female. The female stays with the baby 1-2 years. It stays most of the day and the male fetch food for the baby or babies. Brightsmith, 2004) Works cited Shark Research Institute. Whale Shark FAQ. Dlvingdog productions Inc. Nov 2006. Shark Research Institute. November 7, 2012. (Greey Literature) Thums, Michele. â€Å"Why Whale Sharks Need to Swim Near the Surface†. PHYS. ORG. Benson Jhon, October 19, 2012. Web. November 7, 2012. (Gray literature) Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan. â€Å"Body Form and Locomotion in Sharks†. Integrative and Comparative Biology Vol 17. 2 (2012): 343-354. Print (Scientific Journal) Roberts, Hickman, et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006. Print Hammerson, Geoffrey A. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado, A Colorado Field Guide. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1999. Print Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al. â€Å"Morphological correlates of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in semi-aquatic frog†. Journal of Anatomy. Vol. 210. 3 (2007): 304-317. Print. (Journal) Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan. â€Å"Cutaneous gas exchange and low evaporative water loss in the frogs†. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. Vol 157. 4 (1987): 423-427. Print. (journal) Earthtrust. 2001. Green sea turtles. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from website: http://earthrust. org/wlcurruc/turtles. html Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U. S. Department of Commerce NOAA Thechnical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172. Print Lutz, P. L. and T. B. Bentley. 1985. Respiratory Physiology of Diving in the Sea Turtle. Copeia. 3: 671-679 â€Å"Felines†. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia. com. 10 November, 2012 Jaguar. OpenCrypt membership software. 2008. Web. November 9, 2012. Foss, A. Michael, et al. Cat Anatomy and Physiology†. 4-H Youth Development. 4. 3. (2008) :210-267. Print Jukofsky, Diane. Encyclopedia of Rainforests. Connecticut: Oryx Press, 2002. Alderton, David (2003). The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and aviary birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 234. BirdLife International 2008. Ara macao. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009. 1. www. iucnredlist. org. Brightsmith, D. 20 04. â€Å"Macaws, their Nesting Sites and the Macaw Project† (On-line). Rainforest Expeditions. at http://www. perunature. com/info01. asp. How to cite Zoology Chordata Vertebrates, Essay examples

The Health of Global Housing Market

Question: Explain The Health of Global Housing Market. Answer: Introduction: The health of the global housing market around the world is the thriving issue as it is the mere existence of the shelter for the 3 billion populations. The housing market is believed to be the most volatile market with the recent boom and busts in the market, the market is somewhat misbalanced and need an urgent recovery. The ever increasing population along with several other factors augmented the demand for the houses. Out of the 26 markets of housing around the world, 19 markets reveal a rise in the house price at a median pace of 5.2% per year. (the economist, 2015) as large portion of the income of the individuals are engaged in the purchase of the house, the market has gained importance. It has been a concern in the world of the housing market as there is disequilibrium in the market. The disequilibrium in the housing market is due to the shortage of supply of houses which is mainly due to the population growth and the increased demand for houses. In order to assess the disequ ilibrium in the global housing market, the demand and supply of the housing market with the pressure it created on the price of the houses will be discussed in this paper. (priemus, 2014) Global housing market: Housing market is the most essential part of any growth in the countries but during the global financial crisis, the housing market has witnessed too major booms. Thus it can be said that the housing market is vulnerable and full of crisis. In this section, the current housing market condition will be presented. The global housing market with all the policy tools that most of the countries have implemented is recovering at a slow pace but till the year 2014, the global housing market was booming for the worst. (the housing market, 2014) the global house prices for the year 2014 had been increasing at an alarmingly rate which can be attributed to the growth in the credits around the world. The availability of credit has become easier these days which have augmented the people to demand and purchase the houses increasingly. It can also be said that with the rise in the house prices the credit growth also increased. In most of the oecd countries the house prices have been increasing rap idly as compared to the income of those countries. Thus, the house price-to-income ratio has increased over the years. There is also a similar relation between the house price and the rent. House prices here also increased more than the increase in the rent giving a hike in the house price-to-rent ratio. Thus, it can be inferred that the house prices were increasing alarmingly which led to the question of disequilibrium in the global housing market. (imf.org, 2015) The determinants of the demand and supply of the housing market which abides by the law of demand and supply is discussed. Demand for house: Price: the main determinant of the demand for houses is the process of the houses. Since house is a normal commodity and is considered to be an essential commodity, so with a rise in the price the demand for house will increase establishing the inverse relationship between them. Population: as the population of the world is increasing, the demand for houses will increase. The increase in the population size is owing to the high birth rates and the increased level of migration across different parts of the world. Income of the households: the increase in the national income as well as the disposable income will lead to an increase in the demand for house. The increase in the demand will give the individuals more purchasing power and they would be able to afford and purchase houses. Interest rates: the interest rates offered by the banks and the money lenders initiate the purchase of house and increase the demand. Thus, the lower the interest rate, the cheaper is the interest payment which will increase the demand for houses. For example, the interest rate in the uk was as low as 0.5% which triggered the loans and mortgages in the country give the confidence to the purchaser of the house. This has increased the demand for houses. (imf.org, 2015) Availability of credit: the low deposit norm and other formalities of the acquiring loans have eased out which gave the home buyers the benefit to buy houses easily. Thus, the easy availability of loans and mortgages has led to the increase in the demand for houses. (spence, 2015) Expectations: the upward rising trend in the housing market encourages the buyers to speculate that the current purchase of the house would prove to be beneficial. Thus a bullish housing market will lead to an increase in the demand for houses. (bahadir and mykhaylova, 2014) Supply of house: Price: the determining principle for the supply of houses is the price of the houses. As the law of supply suggests that with an increase in the price the supply of the houses will also increase. This proves that there is a positive relationship between the price and the supply of house. Availability of land: the supply of new house building depends upon the availability of land. The population growth has exerted a pressure on the land which made it difficult for the house builders to acquire land for building house4s. This has led to the decrease in the supply of the houses in the world. Cost: if the cost associated with the factors of production of house like the raw material and the wage of the masons increases then the supply of the houses would fall. (stevenson, 2008) Government regulations: the legislations undertaken by the government of different countries can influence the supply of houses. The stern house building requirements will deter the house builders on the other hand if the regulations on the planning of the houses are relaxed then the supply of houses will increase. For example in london dockyards government had relaxed the house building regulation which speeded up the process of house building. (bates, giaccotto and santerre, 2014) Subsidies: subsidies that are provided to the house builders might encourage them to build more houses which will increase the supply of houses. But in reality this is not the case. There was no proper structure of subsidies that led to a decrease in the supply of houses. Equilibrium in the housing market: The demand for the houses and the supply of the houses intersect each to determine the equilibrium price and quantity. In the short run, it is assumed that the supply of the houses is relatively inelastic as it takes some time to build a new house, so the short run supply curve is a steeper upward sloping straight line. Whereas the demand for houses is negatively related to the price of the houses so the demand curve for the house is a downward sloping curve. Diagrammatic representation of the equilibrium in the housing market is depicted below: The equilibrium in the housing market occurs where the demand curve for house equals the supply of house curve. The point e is the equilibrium point from where the equilibrium price p* and equilibrium quantity q* is determined. (arnold, 2014) Disequilibrium in the housing market: It has been already discussed that the housing marketing is in disequilibrium due to the alarming increase in the demand for houses which has led to a situation of excess demand in the world. The excess demand for houses has raised the price of the housing. The boom in the housing market would disturb the economic balance of the global housing market. (amosweb.com, 2015) Diagrammatic representation of the disequilibrium in the global housing market is depicted below: The disequilibrium in the housing market is owing to the situation of the excess demand for houses indicated in the diagram. The demand for the house increased and the demand curve shifts to the right. Though the demand for the house increased the supply of the house remained constant at the initial level of equilibrium which has led to the situation of shortage of supply of houses. The situation exerted an upward pressure on the price as result the average price of the houses increased from p* to p1. It can also be seen that the quantity of the house has increased minimally from the q* to q1. Thus, there is clearly disequilibrium in the housing market. There are four reasons behind the disequilibrium in the housing market which are discussed below: Population- the first reason behind the disequilibrium is the tremendous growth in the world. There is not sufficient land for the new entrants into the world. The non-availability of land has limited the supply of the houses. Thus, there is a shortage of houses and excess demand for houses. Since the demand and the supply do not match with each other, hence there is disequilibrium leading to a rise in the price of the houses. Low interest rate- most of the individuals purchase houses wither by taking loans from the banks or mortgaging some valuable asset. Now if the interest rate is lowered as in the case of uk, where the interest rate is 0.5%, the buyers gain the confidence to acquire loans and purchase houses. This is because low interest rate would keep the interest payment and the mortgage payments low. So the buyers would be able to take loans and buy houses. Again the demand for houses is high but the supply of the houses is limited due to the non-availability of land. The mismatch in the demand and supply of the houses causes disequilibrium in the housing market. (zabel, 2014) Income- after the global financial crisis, the world is gaining pace and recovery has been taking place at a faster rate. The economic recovery has led to the improvement in the growth in the countries. This growth can be estimated from the rise in the national income and thus the disposable income of the individuals which have led to the increase in the purchasing power of the individuals. The individuals can new purchase more of the houses. This led to the increase in the demand for houses but the su0pply remained constant. Thus, there still remained disequilibrium in the housing market. (won-am park, 2014) Bullish expectation- the above reasons that caused disequilibrium in the housing market has also caused the price of the house to be rising over the years. The bullish housing market has gained the confidence of the buyer regarding the beneficial expectation from this market. Thus, this positive expectation led to the increase in the demand for houses and thus again caused disequilibrium in the housing market. Recommendations: The disequilibrium in the housing market can be removed or solved only when the supply of the houses will increase. The diagram representing the journey from disequilibrium to equilibrium of the housing market is depicted below: If the supply of the houses will increase then the supply curve shifts leftward and the intersection of the increased supply and demand curve has occurred at e1 where the price has dropped to the original equilibrium position at p* but the quantity of the houses have increased much more than the The process of house building must be fastened up. For example; uk government had initiated the home information packs that aimed to speed up the process of home buying. The government must provide enough subsidies to the house builders. This would encourage them to increase the house building plans and thus, increase the supply of houses. Another aspect is the relaxation of the house building norms must be incorporated by the government in order to increase the supply of houses in the world. (abel, bernanke and croushore, 2014) Conclusion: The housing market is referred to have been a bubble market because it had experienced two major busts and booms in the past. In this paper the economics of the demand and su0pply of the housing markets have been presented along with the equilibrium in the market. The rise in the price of the houses is the global issue or the problem that must need urgent attending. The reason behind the price rise paved path for the disequilibrium in the housing market which is already discussed. Lastly, there are several solutions and recommendations that when implemented by the government will help to remove the bubble in the global housing market. (hyun et al., 2014) References: Abel, a., bernanke, b. And croushore, d. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: pearson. Amosweb.com, (2015).Amosweb is economics: encyclonomic web*pedia. [online] available at: https://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?S=wpdc=dspk=market+disequilibrium [accessed 7 may 2015]. AndreÃÅ' , c. (2011).Improving the functioning of the housing market in the united kingdom. Paris: oecd publishing. Arnold, r. (2014).Microeconomics. Mason, ohio: south-western cengage learning. Bahadir, b. And mykhaylova, o. (2014). Housing market dynamics with delays in the construction sector.Journal of housing economics, 26, pp.94-108. Bates, l., giaccotto, c. And santerre, r. (2014). Is the real estate sector more responsive to economy-wide or housing market conditions? An exploratory analysis.The journal of real estate finance and economics. Hyun, h., lee, h., park, m. And hwang, s. (2014). Housing market participants' decision process and the dynamics of ripple effect on korean housing market - focusing on the cause of housing market stagnation and housing policies after 2008 global financial crisis -.Korean journal of construction engineering and management, 15(5), pp.147-159. Imf.org, (2015).Housing markets, financial stability and the economy. [online] available at: https://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2014/060514.htm [accessed 7 may 2015]. Imf.org, (2015).Imf global housing watch. [online] available at: https://www.imf.org/external/research/housing/ [accessed 7 may 2015]. Priemus, h. (2014). Housing market reform agenda.Critical housing analysis, 1(1), p.1. Spence, p. (2015).Mortgage approvals hit six-month high as house prices 'set to rally'. [online] telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11503774/mortgage-approvals-hit-six-month-high-as-house-prices-set-to-rally.html [accessed 7 may 2015]. Stevenson, s. (2008). Modeling housing market fundamentals: empirical evidence of extreme market conditions.Real estate economics, 36(1), pp.1-29. The economist, (2015).Location, location, location. [online] available at: https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/11/global-house-prices [accessed 7 may 2015]. The housing market. (2014).Economic outlook, 38(1), pp.59-60. Won-am park, (2014). Global financial crisis and housing market in korea: characteristics and bubble test.Kukjekyungjeyongu, 20(4), pp.71-95. Zabel, j. (2014). A dynamic model of the housing market: the role of vacancies.The journal of real estate finance and economics.

Writing Effectively with Appropriate Phrases Essay Example

Writing Effectively with Appropriate Phrases Essay This essay analyzes and compares four sets of sentences and judges them on effectiveness and appropriateness.   The first set’s sentence is, â€Å"You did not do very well on that test.†Ã‚   This sentence is a frank, direct assessment of the results of a test, and it implies that the student is capable of better performance.   An instructor would be acting appropriately if she used this sentence.   The other sentence in this set is, â€Å"You bombed that exam.†Ã‚   This assessment is colloquial, insensitive and inappropriate coming from a formal instructor.   However, if this same assessment was delivered from a student’s peer, it might be appropriate and perhaps even humorous.The second set of sentences is, â€Å"Your hospital tests do not look promising,† and â€Å"I’m afraid you are going to die in the near future.†Ã‚   The former sentence is an appropriate and direct delivery of poor medical news that a healthcare provider might deliver to an ailing patient.   It informs the patient of his grim prognosis, but in a compassionate and professional manner.   The latter sentence could only be delivered by the most insensitive of healthcare providers.   It completely lacks compassion for the patient’s dire circumstances, and it serves to eliminate any hope that the terminally ill patient may harbor.   This sentence is wholly inappropriate.The third set is, â€Å"The operation cost us 100 troops†, and â€Å"One hundred of our men were killed in the battle.†Ã‚   The former sentence lacks the dignity and gravity that these military deaths deserve; it is inappropriate and disrespectful to the fallen soldiers.   The latter sentence, while delivering the same unfortunate message, is much more appropriate and fitting.   It imparts a sense of deep loss and implies that the deceased soldiers were part of a respected family.The final set of sentences is, â€Å"I’m not sure you are up to this particular assignment,† and â€Å"You’re not smart enough to do this assignment well.†Ã‚   The former sentence is an appropriate admonishment that might be delivered by a superior to a subordinate.   It gets the message across without rudeness and insensitivity.   The latter sentence is inappropriate and judgmental.   It rudely presumes a lack of intelligence and it would never be uttered by a business professional.

Regionalization and Capital Movement

Regionalization and Capital Movement Regionalization and Capital MovementIt is a well-known fact and dominant theory that development, defined as a process of improvements in a population's standards of living with associated structural or institutional change, requires access to and the accumulation of capital. Of course, capital, as wealth begetting wealth, or the sum total of society's productive resources, takes diverse forms: financial, physical, natural, human, and social. At issue in the development process is the accumulated stock of capital in these diverse forms, as well as their cross-national flows-international resource flows, if you will. As for money or financial capital, the most mobile form of capital, the international transfer process (the flow of capital) occurs in the form of bank capital (loans or debt financing), portfolio investments, and foreign direct investment. These transfers make up what can be termed private capital flows. Then there are also official capital flows via the operations of bi lateral and multilateral aid or donor agencies.English: Graphics depicting foreign direct investm...The following table records in statistical form the volume of private and official capital flows from the North to the South. Of course, capital flows in other directions as well, and the table does not record the corresponding outflows of capital in the form of debt payments, royalty charges, repatriated profit, and corporate dividends. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's World Development Report 2003, the combined South-North outflows of capital might well exceed the inflow.The international flow of capital is generally viewed as a catalyst and necessary condition of development. Foreign direct investment, a type of capital that is associated with the multinational corporation, is generally regarded as the "backbone of development finance." Portfolio investment, another form of private capital flow, tends to be more short-term and is much more volat ile in its international operation and movements-so much so that...

I did attachment. For all my decument. I want you to do for me just Essay - 2

I did attachment. For all my decument. I want you to do for me just part (3) And (4) - Essay Example A precise example of which would be a scenario where we needed to work as a group and deliver a study related on the biggest effect of early childhood education. Clearly, there are a lot of benefits of which, two of both that immediately came to mind would be economic and social. Two people from the group strongly believed in each and they argued about which had more impact on society. In the situation, no one seems to give way for the other to lay down their points and instantly rested on a conclusion to prove their points. This fighting resulted to a delayed work done, decreased the chances of learning from the two options, and marred a peer to peer relationship. For me, the most important part of the process of resolving a conflict would not be the solution one reaches, instead, would be the process of opening one’s mind to new learning that is different from what one initially had in mind. An example of which would be when we had to promote and ignite people to contribute to a charity event in a sustainable manner which our school was partnering with. Some people believed that the message to be reflected on communication materials would be that â€Å"these unfortunate people need their help†. On the other hand, some came up with an interesting slant by reversing the message which is â€Å"every person’s need to do something meaningful and fulfilling†. This conflict was solved by merging the two equally important messages. Part 4. I have interviewed teachers and at the same time administrators of the school. Some of the conflicts that we’ve all experienced in the workplace would be the amount each person thinks he or she is doing as compared to others, getting appreciation, communicating action plans for certain goals, willingness to consider non-traditional way of doing things, and providing constructive criticisms. People reacted to these conflicts,

The Big Fix at Toyota Motor Sales Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Big Fix at Toyota Motor Sales - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that top-flight senior personnel was employed in every business unit as divisional information officers maximizing the production through their experience and skills in the field. However, it had some disadvantages that counteracted the advantages. First, it brought about confusion in the employees' sector as 50% of the staffs was given different jobs within a duration of six months. Further still, new responsibilities and completely different roles given to several mid and upper –level staffs, made some became uncomfortable thus affecting production. Lastly, the time used in mentoring and coaching was too much and could have been used in production. The problems that Coopers was trying to solve with the new IS structures were the problems in the IT system as the in-house IT could not deliver. The basic IT disciplines such as the business relationship management and financial management were absent. IS personnel was like order takers than business partne rs as no one was involved in the architecture of standards, system integration, or the business benefits. The success in the new IS structures is evident as the company has installed the Big Six technology whereby new Toyota extranet and the PeopleSoft ERP rollout, four new systems for order management, part forecasting, advanced warranty, and financial document management have been enhanced. In addition, they have hired top-flight personnel with skills and experience to steer the company forward in profit making. The IT staffs have been involved in rotational high potential, in the business units making them have the broader understanding of the company. This gives them training for leadership positions in different IT departments. To maximize production, they have increased training to the employees enabling them to get rid of their inefficiencies. Managers have the complete accountability and responsibility for the vertical areas, which they serve.

Destination Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Destination Marketing - Essay Example This tourist destination is balanced with primary, secondary and tertiary economic activities as well as a skilled workforce that immensely contributes to the growth of this city. The city itself is comprised of world-class infrastructure, abundant natural resources and ready access to global markets which makes it easily accessible to other markets. According to the Western Cape Business (2009), "the Western Cape forms a highly competitive investment destination and exporting platform and has shown growth rates consistently higher than the national average, contributes close to 15% of the country's GDP and is home to nearly 10% of its population." Business and tourism in the Western Cape are booming as a result of many factors which will be fully discussed in the second part of this analysis. According to the information obtained from the Western Cape Business Guide (2009), "the growth rates in the region have consistently outperformed those of the country as a whole and the region attracts 16% of South Africa's total foreign direct investment." The region also has vast natural resources that are attractive to both international as well as local tourists who take pride in savouring some of the finest resorts that offer the best environment to the holiday makers. Despite the realities presented by the economic slowdown, 2008 remained a buoyant year for the South African tourism industry (Vivian Warby 2009). Statistics obtained from an article entitled 'Tourist arrivals remain buoyant,' by the mentioned writer indicate that the tourism minister is somewhat satisfied with the rate of tourist arrivals in the country. The Minister said the latest available figures for foreign arrivals, for the first 10 months of 2008, showed a strong increase in arrivals of 5.4% from January to October (Vivian Warby 2009). Whilst the arrivals from North America were reported to be stable in the above article, the arrivals from Australasia were up by 6.3% and arrivals from Middle East were up by 5.9% (Vivian Warby 2009). However, there has been a slight decline in the tourist arrivals from Europe and Southern America and this can be attributed to some other factors such as the global economic decline which has not spared the other entire industries world wide. There are also some factors that affect the development of tourism in this destination though they may not yield a very heavy impact on the industry. Social factors are often seen as a threat to the development of the industry in this region where crime is rampant and the unsuspecting tourists are often targeted. Crime such as murder, drug abuse as well as robbery is very common in South Africa and this is a major impediment that often distracts the efforts to fully market the region to the international community. Indeed, the region has many attractions which can make a great change if fully utilised.2. "A SWOT analysis is a useful instrument for helping managers to identify internal strengths and weaknesses of a business and external opportunities and threats facing it," (Strydom J. p 31). Basically, SWOT stands for strengths (S), weaknesses (W) while on the other hand the external environmental factors are regarded as either opportunities (O) or threats (T). This analysis is very important to marketing managers as

Effects of Technology on Music

Effects of Technology on Music Effects of Technology on Music Production and Distribution Introduction Technology has brought many advantageous opportunities to the music industry in the area of production and distribution. Besides popular and valuable instruments such as the electric guitar and the synthesizer, technology has brought us new production equipments such as high-fidelity microphones, re-mastering equipments and CD-ROMs that provide us with a crystal clear sound of the recording. The development of these equipments has allowed the audience to experience a higher quality of sound coming from both live concerts and recordings. Easiness of transportation that came along with the technological developments in the sector, has allowed the record labels to distribute music all around the world. During the 1950s turbojet engines were cleared for civilian use, and with new civil jet-engine cargo aircraft distribution of almost any item became easier and faster than ever before. The evolution of the computer and the Internet was also a great distribution advantage for the music industry and should not be underestimated. New sound formats, such as the MP3, have made music distribution easier. Companies could now provide selling licenses to companies that would allow users to download certain songs from the Internet at a very high speed. The music industry also got many opportunities for advertisements since they were now not limited to billboards, TV and radio. Many companies can now promote their records by playing a preview for the user, on certain websites. Music Production Recording equipments were mostly used after the 1920s. These electronic devices were very hard to find and also very expensive. 1950s was when electronic equipment became easier to obtain and also became relatively cheaper. Not only that, they were also better in quality of recording and reproduction when compared to those devices used during the 1920s. By this time there were a lot of studios that were in demand for more electronic recording equipment. With the development of electronic equipments by engineers and inventors (such as Raymond Scott, who was an American composer and inventor who invented recording equipments and electronic instruments), studios started to buy these relatively cheap instruments. With these new equipments, studios were able to re-master previous recordings (mostly classical and jazz) to produce a more crystal-clear sound. However re-mastering was not the only feature of these equipments. Studios (sometimes individual labels) and bigger recording compani es (labels) started to record more and more music using these equipments and then sold them to the audience. Also during this time, along with the development of new instruments, new genres started to form. Consequently more and more label companies were formed and companies were categorized according to the genre they produced and sold. Slowly by slowly, label companies started to compete with each other and signed contracts with artists to record more songs to sell. This competition between labels made popular music a commodity and in time, these music equipments were started to be used for music sampling or element extraction which in some cases led to lawsuits. The developments in music production equipments have led to companies wanting to make more and more profit by recording and distributing their records. With these developments, companies started to look for new ways of distribution that could allow them to distribute their records at a global scale. The general development in technology has worked to their advantage. Music Distribution 1. Transportation Transportation before the evolution of civil aircraft was very hard and took a very long time. Mostly, merchandises were transported with ships and trains. However, during the 1950s, civil aircraft manufacturers were allowed to use turbojet engines for their aircraft. With these engines, new passenger and cargo aircraft were able to travel at a higher speed. New maritime technologies that were developed around the 1950s (such as the bulbous bow, used to decrease drag) allowed transportation ships to travel at (relatively) very high velocities. These developments made air cargo and ship transportation the primary platforms for transporting merchandises. Using these developments, record companies started to use air cargo and ships to distribute their records to all around the world very quickly. 2. Computers and The Internet Recordings were stored mostly in WAV file formats in computers. WAV is a waveform file format and its almost the exact replica of a high-quality CD recording. However, WAV files are very big in size. Transferring these formats over the internet would take a very long time. Even now, when we have access to high-speed internet, downloading a 50MB file takes about a minute. Back in the 90s, most people used the standard dial-up connection (which was very slow, 56 kbps). Downloading a 50MB file with a dial-up connection would take up to 4 hours, considering that the file does not contain any invaluable (overhead) data[1]. The MP3 file format compresses the original sound recording and provides us with a file that is very small in size but high in sound quality. This decrease in file size made the MP3 files very popular amongst internet users because they are very accessible and they can download them very quickly. With these developments, label companies wanted to take advantage of this increase in accessibility and consequently gave (sold) licenses to distributing companies. Currently, iTunes and many other sites allow users to download MP3 music files for a certain price. With this accessibility, both the marketing (distributing companies) and the label companies make profit from selling recordings. Also, besides these, the internet has provided label companies many opportunities to advertise/promote their records. With the increasing number of websites, labels can advertise their records on certain websites, or promote their records in YouTube, etc. Certain websites play previews of records or single recordings for users when they enter the website. Unlike local billboards and TV/Radio commercials/promotions, label companies can extend their range to a global scale. Many local and global popular music groups and labels have official accounts on YouTube, Facebook and MySpace. They can simply promote their records on these sites by providing users with full records or previews. These types of social websites are also a great way for labels and individual groups to promote their items. Therefore, this global increase in label advertising opportunities and thus increase in advertising itself, also allowed the sales to increase in time and bring label companies to a higher position. 3. Technological Accessibility Nowadays, almost everyone owns either an iPod or a portable CD-player. Label companies can distribute records in several different formats. For example, some of these formats may be CD-ROMs, online MP3 files, tapes, etc. With the accessibility to electronic portable CD/Tape players, computers, and MP3 players, many users of these different platforms can buy records from a certain label company. The main label will have a higher rate of sales when they distribute for more than one platform. When we compare today with earlier days, where the gramophone was in use, we can say that the gramophone was the only music reproduction platform and not everyone had access to it. Thus the increase in accessibility and platforms do increase profits for label companies. Conclusion Almost every development in technology, from aircrafts to ships and chips to the internet, has affected the music industry. As usual, these developments may be both in advantage or disadvantage to the music industry or label companies, however I have elaborated on the advantageous side of these developments. Record label companies have brought themselves to a high position using these technological developments that helped them mass produce and distribute their records at a global scale. Unfortunately, popular music labels only use this technology to increase the amount of yearly profits instead of using it to create art. Label companies now use â€Å"template† music, where only certain elements of music can be changed to make it look individual (pseudo-individualization)[2]. Looking at these general actions of record companies, I can say that their sole purpose is to make profit by marketing music. Considering the technological developments and their consequences, these developments have been to the advantage of label companies. Bibliography Allan, David. On Popular Music in Advertising. Popular Musicology Online. Web. 13 Oct. 2009. . Bray, Patrick J. Learning about bulbous bows. Martins Marine Engineering Page. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. . Holmes, Thomas B. Electronic and Experimental Music Pioneers in Technology and Composition. New York: Routledge, 2002. Print. The Jet Engine. History Learning Site. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. . Raymond Scott: Biography. Official Raymond Scott Website: RaymondScott.com. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. . Shuker, Roy. Understanding Popular Music. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print. Tschmuck, Peter. Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry. New York: Springer, 2006. Print. Ulucay, Tolga. Difference Between .mp3 and .wav. EzineArticles. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. . [1] Download time calculator: [2] Allan, David. On Popular Music in Advertising.Popular Musicology Online. Web. 13 Oct. 2009. .

Atomic Bomb Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was and is still one of the most secretive projects ever created in United States history. The purpose of the Manhattan Project was simple: to build; test; and unleash its power if necessary. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves were the two men put in charge of this mission. These two men along with the top scientists from around the country were brought together to construct the most deadliest thing known to man. The project originated in the Pentagon in 1942 when General Groves was told, by the White House, he was to lead the Manhattan Project. World War II had already been raged for three years when the Nazis, after being victorious in Europe, declared war on the United States. This was nine months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. In September of that year, Groves, met with Leo Szilard and asked him if making the atomic bomb was possible. Leo told him how an atomic bomb would work, but also that it is impossible to build. General Groves only wanted to hear that an atomic bomb was conceivable in theory and then he knew to start the project. In October of 1942 Groves went to California to meet with Robert Oppenheimer, one of the most brilliant scientists in the country. Groves informed Oppenheimer that he had been selected to lead the expedition on trying to invent the atomic bomb. Oppenheimer immediately started preparing by telling Groves that they needed an isolated area with one ringmaster(Oppenheimer). General Groves was in charge of the military or security part of the project, while Oppenheimer was in charge of the organization of the scientists and ideas. At times, Oppenhiemer and Grooves had some nasty arguments over policies. Even though Groves was the one who reported to Washington, Oppenheimer had more power and Groves was aware of this. If they had a disagreement, Oppenheimer would threaten to leave the project and take his scientists with him. Groves knew if this occurred then the project would never be finished. So, Grooves most always ended up agreeing or letting Oppenheimer do what ever he wanted to do. In April of 1943, this isolated area was being build in Las Alamos, New Mexico. The borders consisted of barbed wire fence accompanied ... ...plete success. The Americans had finally complete building the first atomic bomb. The scientists held a parade in happiness, not only for successfully completing the project, but being able to go home and see their families and lead a normal life. Twenty one days later on August 6, 1945 Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days after that, Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. Over 200,000 lives were taken because of the bombings. On September 2, 1945 Japan surrendered , unconditionally. Robert Oppenheimer was recognized as a national hero in the United States. In 1949, the White House asked him to lead a project in making the H+ Super Bomb. For recognizable reasons, he declined this offer. In 1954, his security clearances were revokedand he was slowly pushed out of public services. Robert Oppenheimer died of cancer in 1967. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bondi, Victor. American Decades. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995 Lapp, Ralph E. "Manhattan Project," The World Book Encyclopedia, 1988, Volume 13, p.141 Mark, Carson. "Atomic Bomb," Encyclopedia Americana, 1989, Volume 2, p. 641-642